ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Identifying problems and making a surgical plan through a preoperative analysis is important in facial aesthetic surgery. Thus, popular conceptions of an attractive face must be analyzed beforehand. The landmarks used as reference points may change after rhinoplasty, resulting in errors in the prediction and assessment of outcomes. To reduce such errors, it is advantageous to use reference points and landmarks that are subject to minimal variation. This study measured and analyzed landmarks with little preoperative and postoperative variation in rhinoplasty, and established appropriate standards for landmarks indicative of ideal profiles. METHODS: A photogrammetric analysis was performed of 80 famous and attractive celebrities from Korea, Southeast Asia, Japan, China, and America. The nasofrontal angle, nasal angle, nasolabial angle, angle of facial convexity, and angle of total facial convexity were measured. RESULTS: The angle of total facial convexity differed significantly among countries (P=0.013). No significant difference in nasal angle, facial convexity, or total facial convexity was observed between Western and Eastern countries. A significant difference in the nasofrontal angle (Asian: 138.66°, Western: 134.35°; P=0.006) was observed. The nasolabial angle (Asian: 97.09°, Western: 104.59° degrees; P=0.007) was significantly more acute in Asian than in Western subjects. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we performed a more accurate analysis using the glabella instead of the nasion to measure the facial profiles of patients planning to undergo rhinoplasty and proposed standard values through an analysis of ideal and attractive facial profiles.
Subject(s)
Humans , Americas , Anthropometry , Asia, Southeastern , Asian People , China , Fertilization , Japan , Korea , Photogrammetry , RhinoplastyABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The objective of this study was to examine the association of temperature-fluctuation with freshness quality in various foods. METHODS: We investigated the effects of storage conditions on antioxidant activities of cherries and romaine lettuce during storage at 0.7 ± 0.6℃, 1.2 ± 1.4℃, and 1.6 ± 2.8℃. Cherries and romaine lettuce were stored for a period of 9 days and 7 days, respectively. We also analyzed the effects of storage conditions on fresh quality of beef and salmon during storage at −0.3 ± 0.8℃, −0.6 ± 2.3℃, and −1.5 ± 4.4℃. Both of them were stored for a period of 14 days. RESULTS: The amount of water loss was highest in beef, and the microbial count was also the highest at −1.5 ± 4.4℃. In the case of salmon, there was no difference in water loss according to storage, and TBA value was significantly increased at −1.5 ± 4.4℃. Moisture retention was the highest at 0.7 ± 0.6℃ in both romaine lettuce and cherry samples. The contents of polyphenol and flavonoid were significantly higher in cherries, and content of polyphenols in romaine lettuce was significantly higher at 0.7 ± 0.6℃ (p 1.2 ± 1.4℃> 1.6 ± 2.8 ℃ over 7 days. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that temperature-fluctuation may affect qualities of foods stored in a refrigerator.
Subject(s)
Food Handling , Food Storage , Lettuce , Nutritive Value , Polyphenols , Red Meat , Salmon , WaterABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the thermic effects, the macronutrient oxidation rates and the satiety of medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). METHODS: The thermic effects of two meals containing MCT or long-chain triglycerides (LCT) were compared in ten healthy men (mean age 24.4 +/- 2.9 years). Energy content of the meal was 30% of resting metabolic rate of each subject. Metabolic rate and macronutrient oxidation rate were measured before the meals and for 6 hours after the meals by indirect calorimetry. Satiety was estimated by using visual analogue scales (VAS) at 8 times (before the meal and for 6 hours after meal). RESULTS: Total thermic effect of MCT meal (42.8 kcal, 8.0% of energy intake) was significantly higher than that (26.8 kcal, 5.1% of energy intake) of the LCT meal. Mean postprandial oxygen consumption was also significantly different between the two types of meals (MCT meal: 0.29 +/- 0.35 L/min, LCT meal: 0.28 +/- 0.27 L/min). There were no significant differences in total postprandial carbohydrate and fat oxidation rates between the two meals. However, from 30 to 120 minutes after consumption of meals, the fat oxidation rate of MCT meal was significantly higher than that of the LCT meal. Comparison of satiety values (hunger, fullness and appetite) between the two meals showed that MCT meal maintained satiety for a longer time than the LCT meal. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the possibility that long-term substitution of MCT for LCT would produce weight loss if energy intake remained constant.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Calorimetry, Indirect , Energy Intake , Meals , Oxygen Consumption , Triglycerides , Weight Loss , Weights and MeasuresABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to measure and investigate the acute effects of two fatty meals (high-SFA & high-PUFA) on post-prandial thermic effect, substrate oxidation, and satiety. Eight healthy adults (four males and four females) aged 19-22 years were assigned to consume two isocaloric meals: high in saturated fatty acids from butter and high in polyunsaturated fatty acids from sesame oil. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure resting energy expenditure (REE), post-prandial energy expenditure for five hours, and substrate oxidation. Satiety of the subjects after meals was estimated by using visual analogue scales (VAS). Five hours thermic effect of food (TEF) was not significantly different between butter meal (6.5% of energy intake) and sesame oil meal (7.3% of energy intake), but, the TEF of butter meal reached the peak point at 150 min and decreased more rapidly arriving to REE in 270 min. On the other hand, TEF of sesame oil meal reached the peak at 90 min and decreased slower than butter meal (still higher than REE at 300 min). No significant differences in substrate oxidation rates were found between the two meals. Post-prandial fat oxidation rates increased significantly after the consumption of both butter and sesame oil meal than that of the pre-prandial state. Satiety values (hunger, fullness, and appetite) were similar among the meals, but recovery of hunger and fullness to the pre-prandial state was faster in butter meal than that of the sesame oil meal.
Subject(s)
Adult , Aged , Humans , Male , Butter , Calorimetry, Indirect , Energy Metabolism , Fatty Acids , Fatty Acids, Unsaturated , Hand , Hunger , Meals , Sesame Oil , Sesamum , Weights and MeasuresABSTRACT
Recently apoptotic cell death has been reported in differentiated skeletal muscle, where apoptosis was generally assumed not to occur. To investigate whether apoptosis may contribute to the steroid-induced myopathy, rats treated with triamcinolone acetonide (TA) for 9 days were sacrificed for detecting apoptosis by in situ end labeling (ISEL) and electron microscopy in the soleus muscles. Immunohistochemical stainings of Fas antigen and p53 protein were performed to examine whether apoptosis-related proteins were present in the myopathy. Muscle fiber necrosis and apoptotic myonuclei appeared in the soleus muscles following administration of TA, while control muscles showed no evidences for apoptosis. Fas antigen was not detected in control muscles, but expressed in the soleus muscles of steroid-induced myopathy. Some of the Fas antigen-expressing muscle fibers were positive for ISEL. p53 protein was not detected in any muscle fibers. These findings indicate that TA can induce apoptosis in differentiated skeletal muscles, and Fas antigen might be partly related to apoptotic muscle death in steroid-induced myopathy.
Subject(s)
Female , Rats , Animals , fas Receptor/analysis , Apoptosis , Immunohistochemistry , Microscopy, Electron , Muscle, Skeletal/pathology , Muscular Diseases/chemically induced , Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/analysis , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Triamcinolone Acetonide/toxicityABSTRACT
Van der Woude syndrome is a rare developmental malformation characterized by pits in the lower lip, usually bilateral and located on either side of the midline. Van der Woude syndrome is accompanied with cleft lip with or without cleft palate, bifid uvula and hypodontia or missing incisors and premolars. It was first described by Van der Woude in 1954. It is inherited as an autosomal dominant syndrome with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 100,000~200,000 live births. The syndrome affects both sexes with variable expressivity and estimated penetrance close to 100%. The treatment of choice, but only for esthetic purposes is surgical excision. We experienced a case of newborn baby who had two pits in the lower lip of the midline and left side, with complete cleft lip and palate on the Rt. side. The midline sinus showed papilla like protrusion. The orifice was situated to the lip pit on the midline and the tract was about 4 mm in length. The lip pits were excised under general anesthesia with Millard II rotation advancement flap for cleft lip and primary rhinoplasty at 5 months. Histologic finding from excised lip pits showed multiple mucin-producing minor salivary glands with epithelial hyperplasia. And so we could diagnose Van der Woude syndrome. There was no reccurrence or developmental abnormality postoperatively after 1 year follow-up.
Subject(s)
Humans , Infant, Newborn , Anesthesia, General , Anodontia , Bicuspid , Cleft Lip , Cleft Palate , Follow-Up Studies , Hyperplasia , Incisor , Lip , Live Birth , Palate , Penetrance , Prevalence , Rhinoplasty , Salivary Glands, Minor , UvulaABSTRACT
Aging changes on the upper third of the face include brow ptosis, glabellar furrowing and forehead transverse wrinkle caused by an imbalance of the forehead muscles. Surgical methods to correct these phenomena include forehead lift with a coronal incision, endoscopic access, and direct forehead skin excision. In response to a common need for cosmetic improvement in the brow-upper eyelid and a desire for minimal incisions for forehead rejuvenation, an approach through blepharoplasty incision had been developed. This approach has many advantages, such as fewer skin incision, less tissue mobilization and direct excision of the hyperactive depressor muscles. However, this approach is not suitable for those who have significant forehead wrinkle and ptosis. We used a combined subperiosteal approach for forehead lift and transection of the hyperactive corrugator and procerus muscles through blepharoplasty incision. This combined surgical technique is simple and effective to correct aging of the upper third of the face without the usual complication. We performed 10 cases of the transpalpebral approach for the correction of the upper third of the face from January 1997 to September 1998, following them up for from 3 to 6 months and obtained satisfactory results. We report our experiences with a review of the literature.
Subject(s)
Aging , Blepharoplasty , Eyelids , Forehead , Muscles , Rejuvenation , SkinABSTRACT
Free neurovascular flap transfers have been widely used for restoration of discriminative sensibility and contour of the finger. The free neurovascular flaps from first web space of the foot is a good treatment option to achieve above two conditions. Fingertip reconstruction with a free toe pulp neurovascular flap, since it was described first in 1979, have been reported a lot. But in most cases. toe pulp flap used first dorsal metatarsal artery as a vascular pedicle. The authors, therefore, carried out four dissections on the cadavers to study first web space neurovascular anatomy for using the dorsal digital artery of the foot as a vascular pedicle. On the basis of the results of this cadaver dissection, we reconstructed posttraumatic soft tissue defect of the fingers with first and second toe pulp free flaps in nine patients from February 1999 to April 2000, and obtained adequate functional recovery as well as satisfactory aesthetic appearance. In our case, maximal flap was 2.5 x 2 cm in size, and the dorsal digital artery of the foot, subcutaneous vein and branch of the dorsal deep peroneal nerve were used as a neurovascular pedicle of the flap. All patients gradually recovered a discriminative sensibility, with static two-point discrimination test between 7 and 16mm and a moving two-point discrimination test between 6 and 13mm. The advantages of this free flap from toe(mainly second toe) are minimal donor site morbidity including arterial system, one-stage operation and shorter rehabilitation period. We consider that the free toe pulp flap using dorsal digital artery of the foot is a useful method for reconstruction of small finger soft tissue defect.
Subject(s)
Humans , Arteries , Cadaver , Discrimination, Psychological , Fingers , Foot , Free Tissue Flaps , Metatarsal Bones , Peroneal Nerve , Rehabilitation , Tissue Donors , Toes , VeinsABSTRACT
As the use computed tomographic (CT) scanning spread, the diagnosis of blowout fractures of the medial orbital wall increased. Now, the diagnosis of blowout fracture in the medial wall are not uncommon. Conventionally, the surgery of blowout fractures in medial orbital wall was performed by the various approach with external incision. The conventional method had seveal possible disadvantages, including an external scar, incomplete reduction, increased mobidity rate and general anesthesia. Recently, endoscopic reconstruction of the medial orbital wall has provided good functional and cosmetic results. We performed endoscopic transnasal reduction surgery without external incision in 12 cases of medial blowout fracture under local anesthesia. The fractured bony fragments were removed after the intranasal ethmoidectomy and the entrapped medial rectus was released. And then a sheet of silicone late or uncinate process were placed on the fracture site. For the maintain of the position of fractured wall, Merocel packing or urinary ballon catheter were used in orbital fracture site for 1-3 weeks. There were no specific complications related to this procedure. Result of the surgery in all cases were satisfactory. In this article, we discussed the surgical procedure, the benifit of the transnasal endoscopic approach, the indications for surgery, and possible comlications.
Subject(s)
Anesthesia, General , Anesthesia, Local , Catheters , Cicatrix , Diagnosis , Orbit , Orbital Fractures , SiliconesABSTRACT
Bicoronal approach is adopted as an universal method for reduction and internal fixation of the fractured zygomatic arch in the treatment of complex zygomatic fracture. However bicoronal approach leaves many disadvantages, such as long incision, alopecia, prolonged edema, and paresthesia. Nowadays endoscopically assisted minimal invasive technique has been widespread not only for the aesthetic surgery, but also for the reconstructive surgical fields because of the benefits. We have been recently trying to apply endoscopic surgery to facial bone fracture surgery. Endoscopically assisted minimal invasive technique has been applied to 14 patients who admitted to Chosun university hospital from March 1996 to July 1997. We used 4 mm, 30' endoscope and two 1.5-2 cm temple incisions and a subciliary incision for approaching to the zygomatic arch. Protected drill bit and driver had access to fractured zygomatic arch though tiny(5 mm) stab incision over the zygomatic arch. We have been able to successfully reduce and make fixation of the fracture of zygomatic arch by using endoscopically assisted minimal invasive technique. Follow up for 3 months revealed good maintenance of the reduction. We think that application of the endoscopic technology to midfacial bone fracture will result in significant reduction in morbidity and improve postoperative results.
Subject(s)
Humans , Alopecia , Edema , Endoscopes , Facial Bones , Follow-Up Studies , Fractures, Bone , Paresthesia , Zygoma , Zygomatic FracturesABSTRACT
Aging process of the forehead in human reflects imbalance of the forehead muscles, forehead ptosis including eyebrow, and winkles of the forehead and glabella. Forehead lifting through bicoronal incision was adopted as an universal method to correct these problems of the aging process. In a view of the aesthetic surgery, however, there are several problems such as large scar alopecia, and numbness beyond the incision line in the scalp for the correction of the forehead aging stigma. During the part few decades, minimally invasive technology forced many surgical specialities to undergo dramatic changes. In plastic & reconstructive surgery also minimally invasive technology using endoscope gave many advantages. Therefore it has reduced morbidity rates and got greater patient acceptances for the forehead lifting. When we perform endoscopic blow-forehead lift to get a good results in oriental people, 1. it needs a extended periorbital dissection. 2. we have to concern lift in the lateral part of forehead rather than in medial forehead. 3. it needs more aggressive tissue modifications (e.g. myotomies, neurotomy) 4. it needs more strong fixation such as permanent microscrew fixation or cortical bone drill hole technique. We performed 13 cases of the eyebrow-forehead lifting by using endoscope from August 95 to September 96 followed up them from 3 to 12 months and obtained satisfactory result. We would like to report our experiences with literature review.
Subject(s)
Humans , Aging , Alopecia , Cicatrix , Endoscopes , Eyebrows , Forehead , Hypesthesia , Lifting , Muscles , Plastics , ScalpABSTRACT
Anal incontinence following pelvic trauma, surgery, or neurologic disorders has significant medical and social implication. Both Chetwood in 1902 and Bistom in 1944 utilized coccygeal origin portion of the gluteus maximus muscle for the anal sphincter reconstruction. The gluteus maximus muscle is a broad, fan-shaped muscle with a wide origin from the ilium sacrum and coccyx and a narrow insertion along the iliotibial band of the lateral femur. Its blood supply is from the inferior gluteal artery and its innervation is from L-5, S-1 roots by means of the inferior gluteal nerve Incisions are placed at the inferior border of the ischial tuberosity. Subcutaneous tunnels are created about the rectum and gluteal and perirectal incisions. Two overacting slings are being created Their opposing pull creates sphincter or valve effect about the distal rectum. We have experienced 2 cases of irregular, deep soft tissue defects of the perianal region requiring muscle coverage with the gluteus maximus muscle overlapping slings. We think the use of the gluteus maximus muscle is one of the most useful method for reconstruction of the anal sphincter mechanism.
Subject(s)
Anal Canal , Arteries , Coccyx , Femur , Ilium , Nervous System Diseases , Rectum , SacrumABSTRACT
No abstract available.